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Lycée
11th Grade

Metropolis, global cities and metropolisation

Geography

Definitions

Urbanisation
Concentration of population in cities.
Metropolisation
Concentration of populations, activities and command functions in the same urban area.

Urban population :

  • 2018 : 55% of world population -> urban pop. = 4.2 billion.
  • 2050 : (68%) = 6.7 billion
  • Rapid growth of the world’s urban pop.
  • From +700 M in 1950 to +4 billion in 2021 and +6 billion in 2050.


In 2021, The most urbanized regions :

  • Northern America, Latin America and the Caribbean (+80%), Europe (75%), Oceania (68%) and Asia = 52%.
  • In contrast, Africa = mostly rural, with 44% in urban areas.
  • Africa and Asia = fastest urban population growth rate +2-3% per year.
  • Europe = slowest.


The most populous cities in 2020 :

Tokyo (+37 million), New Delhi (30 million), Shanghai (27 million), Mumbai (22 million), Sao Paulo (22 million).


2050 : 90% of world pop. would be Asian or African.

Urban migration : “Push” and “Pull” factors :

  • Migration = driver of urbanisation (740 million internal & 232 million international)
  • Migration to urban centers = inevitable due to : aging societies, slow + uneven regional & national economic growth & environmental + political instability.
  • Worldwide displaced persons (UNHCR) = 65.3 million (half seek refuge in urban areas)

Definitions

Push factors
Factors that make you want to leave a place (poverty, unemployment, enhance living standards, lack of : health care, education, cultural opportunities, tolerance, freedom & deprivation of political rights)
Pull factors
Factors that draw you to live in a place (hope for better job, social mobility, freedom, more opportunities in education, culture, more tolerance, freedom of anonymity, to be a nobody)

Metropolis :

  • Populous + cosmopolitan city with high GDP
  • Economic + cultural magnet which concentrates high-level services in the fields of finance and business, banks, headquarters, universities, research centers, museums, historical sites, theaters, concert hall etc.
  • Concentrated command functions in every sector on a regional and national scale.
  • A transport hub.
  • Process of globalisation -> privileges cities with best advantages, increases their power. In return -> metropolises contribute to global integration of the country.
  • Metropolises = fragmented -> wealthy live apart poor (live in gated communities or rich peri-urban areas/poor stay in poor + unsafe areas in central district or remote areas). Poor = evicted from houses when working-class neighborhoods are gentrified.


Definitions

Gentrification
A process in which a poor neighborhood experiences an influx of middle-class or wealthy people who renovate and rebuild homes & businesses, often resulting in an increase in property values & the displacement of earlier, usually poor, residents.
Megacities
A city with more than 8-10 million inhabitants.
Megalopolis
A vast expanse of essentially continuous built-up area created by emerging urban centers. These are found in Japan & USA : Boswash (Boston-Washington).



London…

Concentrates command functions (CF) of…

  • Economy at world scale : Piccadilly Circus (busy London intersection + meeting place) + The City (oldest CBD, core of city’s economic act.) + “Pater Noster Square” (largest European stock exchange + headquarters of investment banks) -> Greater London & the City + Westminster + Canary Warf = Concentration of people, money, act., CF for national + global economy + Home for 75% of world 500 largest companies (economy cluster) + 22% of UK GDP + London (high tech city)
  • Politics at world scale : City Hall of London (local) + Downing Street (Government offices & P.Minister residence) + Buckingham Palace (King Charles residence) -> Greater London = Royal family residence + British Parliament + British Government + Whitehall + world influence (Consulates) + Commonwealth capital

Concentrates multitude of attractive, cultural activities :

  • Harry Potter Studio + The Notting Hill Carnival (one of world largest street fest. & significant event in Black British culture) + Palace of Westminster -> Greater London = 2nd most visited city in 2017 (+39 million) + home to 10 most visited tourist attraction + culture tourism (= £3.2 billion per year for economy)

Is a populous & cosmopolitan city that expands greatly :

  • People go to Greater London for work, shopping, cultural act. & leisure -> Chinatown (West) + M25 (motorway encircling Greater London) = mosaic of people, faiths, culture from world + 40% of Londoners identify as Black, Asian or Minority Ethnic + 300 languages spoken.

Is a city with economical & social challenges :

  • Canary Warf (2nd CBD, one of most powerful) + Tower Hamlets (impoverished neighborhood in south) + Beckham -> E & S (poor) N & W (pop. higher incomes) + gentrification = social inequities (28% + 4/10 live below poverty line) + 50% households in TH + most expensive city of EU

Faces many challenges :

  • Brexit + environmental challenges (pollution, waste, energy) + Terrorism -> London = A target for terrorism + economy challenged by Brexit (reliant on international business)

Is carrying out significant urban development projects to become more attractive :

  • Reconstruction of underground station + Greenwich Millennium Village (eco-friendly neighborhood) + Nine Elms project -> Greater London + east (GMV) + south east (NE) along the Thames = Attracts many people, act., investors -> many neighborhoods regenerated + gentrification (arrival of +affluent individuals & displacing those who can’t afford increased rents).

Is a well connected city :

  • Heathrow (1 of 5 airports serving +100 destinations) + London Bridge Station -> London = major transport hub with 5 airports, 9 main railway stations, motorways, roads, oldest underground, port, high-speed train (Eurostar)

London = global city

  • Serves as one of the command centers of globalized economy.
  • Appealing, multicultural, cosmopolitan & thriving city.
  • Experiences a significant socio-spatial fragmentation process (city center undergoing gentrification = less affluent pop. move away to outskirts.

Since 1980s & increasing globalization, metropolises emerged.

New International Division of Labour concentrated tertiary & command functions in metropolises -> international opening.

Decrease in transportation costs & development of Internet = global metropolises (NYC, London, Tokyo or Paris) becoming +interconnected -> Megalopolitan Archipelago + more connections to each other than with local environments.

Richest global metropolises benefit of “metropolitan advantage” (synergy between higher tertiary functions like research & development, industry & universities & transportation hub & connectivity.


Lycée
11th Grade

Metropolis, global cities and metropolisation

Geography

Definitions

Urbanisation
Concentration of population in cities.
Metropolisation
Concentration of populations, activities and command functions in the same urban area.

Urban population :

  • 2018 : 55% of world population -> urban pop. = 4.2 billion.
  • 2050 : (68%) = 6.7 billion
  • Rapid growth of the world’s urban pop.
  • From +700 M in 1950 to +4 billion in 2021 and +6 billion in 2050.


In 2021, The most urbanized regions :

  • Northern America, Latin America and the Caribbean (+80%), Europe (75%), Oceania (68%) and Asia = 52%.
  • In contrast, Africa = mostly rural, with 44% in urban areas.
  • Africa and Asia = fastest urban population growth rate +2-3% per year.
  • Europe = slowest.


The most populous cities in 2020 :

Tokyo (+37 million), New Delhi (30 million), Shanghai (27 million), Mumbai (22 million), Sao Paulo (22 million).


2050 : 90% of world pop. would be Asian or African.

Urban migration : “Push” and “Pull” factors :

  • Migration = driver of urbanisation (740 million internal & 232 million international)
  • Migration to urban centers = inevitable due to : aging societies, slow + uneven regional & national economic growth & environmental + political instability.
  • Worldwide displaced persons (UNHCR) = 65.3 million (half seek refuge in urban areas)

Definitions

Push factors
Factors that make you want to leave a place (poverty, unemployment, enhance living standards, lack of : health care, education, cultural opportunities, tolerance, freedom & deprivation of political rights)
Pull factors
Factors that draw you to live in a place (hope for better job, social mobility, freedom, more opportunities in education, culture, more tolerance, freedom of anonymity, to be a nobody)

Metropolis :

  • Populous + cosmopolitan city with high GDP
  • Economic + cultural magnet which concentrates high-level services in the fields of finance and business, banks, headquarters, universities, research centers, museums, historical sites, theaters, concert hall etc.
  • Concentrated command functions in every sector on a regional and national scale.
  • A transport hub.
  • Process of globalisation -> privileges cities with best advantages, increases their power. In return -> metropolises contribute to global integration of the country.
  • Metropolises = fragmented -> wealthy live apart poor (live in gated communities or rich peri-urban areas/poor stay in poor + unsafe areas in central district or remote areas). Poor = evicted from houses when working-class neighborhoods are gentrified.


Definitions

Gentrification
A process in which a poor neighborhood experiences an influx of middle-class or wealthy people who renovate and rebuild homes & businesses, often resulting in an increase in property values & the displacement of earlier, usually poor, residents.
Megacities
A city with more than 8-10 million inhabitants.
Megalopolis
A vast expanse of essentially continuous built-up area created by emerging urban centers. These are found in Japan & USA : Boswash (Boston-Washington).



London…

Concentrates command functions (CF) of…

  • Economy at world scale : Piccadilly Circus (busy London intersection + meeting place) + The City (oldest CBD, core of city’s economic act.) + “Pater Noster Square” (largest European stock exchange + headquarters of investment banks) -> Greater London & the City + Westminster + Canary Warf = Concentration of people, money, act., CF for national + global economy + Home for 75% of world 500 largest companies (economy cluster) + 22% of UK GDP + London (high tech city)
  • Politics at world scale : City Hall of London (local) + Downing Street (Government offices & P.Minister residence) + Buckingham Palace (King Charles residence) -> Greater London = Royal family residence + British Parliament + British Government + Whitehall + world influence (Consulates) + Commonwealth capital

Concentrates multitude of attractive, cultural activities :

  • Harry Potter Studio + The Notting Hill Carnival (one of world largest street fest. & significant event in Black British culture) + Palace of Westminster -> Greater London = 2nd most visited city in 2017 (+39 million) + home to 10 most visited tourist attraction + culture tourism (= £3.2 billion per year for economy)

Is a populous & cosmopolitan city that expands greatly :

  • People go to Greater London for work, shopping, cultural act. & leisure -> Chinatown (West) + M25 (motorway encircling Greater London) = mosaic of people, faiths, culture from world + 40% of Londoners identify as Black, Asian or Minority Ethnic + 300 languages spoken.

Is a city with economical & social challenges :

  • Canary Warf (2nd CBD, one of most powerful) + Tower Hamlets (impoverished neighborhood in south) + Beckham -> E & S (poor) N & W (pop. higher incomes) + gentrification = social inequities (28% + 4/10 live below poverty line) + 50% households in TH + most expensive city of EU

Faces many challenges :

  • Brexit + environmental challenges (pollution, waste, energy) + Terrorism -> London = A target for terrorism + economy challenged by Brexit (reliant on international business)

Is carrying out significant urban development projects to become more attractive :

  • Reconstruction of underground station + Greenwich Millennium Village (eco-friendly neighborhood) + Nine Elms project -> Greater London + east (GMV) + south east (NE) along the Thames = Attracts many people, act., investors -> many neighborhoods regenerated + gentrification (arrival of +affluent individuals & displacing those who can’t afford increased rents).

Is a well connected city :

  • Heathrow (1 of 5 airports serving +100 destinations) + London Bridge Station -> London = major transport hub with 5 airports, 9 main railway stations, motorways, roads, oldest underground, port, high-speed train (Eurostar)

London = global city

  • Serves as one of the command centers of globalized economy.
  • Appealing, multicultural, cosmopolitan & thriving city.
  • Experiences a significant socio-spatial fragmentation process (city center undergoing gentrification = less affluent pop. move away to outskirts.

Since 1980s & increasing globalization, metropolises emerged.

New International Division of Labour concentrated tertiary & command functions in metropolises -> international opening.

Decrease in transportation costs & development of Internet = global metropolises (NYC, London, Tokyo or Paris) becoming +interconnected -> Megalopolitan Archipelago + more connections to each other than with local environments.

Richest global metropolises benefit of “metropolitan advantage” (synergy between higher tertiary functions like research & development, industry & universities & transportation hub & connectivity.