XIIè siècle:The Norman invasion marked the beginning of English involvement in Ireland.
In the XVIth century: Henry VIII convented britain to the protestant religion and the English scottish troops invoded and colonized catholic Ireland
17th Century: The Penal Laws were imposed, severely restricting Catholic rights in areas such as political participation.
Anti catholic propagande-->
- The Penal Laws
- the pope as a foreign threat: fear among Protestants that Catholics were more loyal to the Pope than to the British monarchy
- Newspapers: rumors that Catholics wanted to overthrow Protestant rule
Anti protestant propagande-->
- caricature of british soldiers: cruel, heartless figures exploiting Irish Catholics.
- Stories of massacres and oppression used to unite Catholics against British rule
- Slogans and posters
A devastating famine caused by a potato blight that destroyed the primary food source of the Irish population.
CAUSES:
- Overdependence on Potatoes
- Potato Blight
- British Economic Policies
- Land System:vulnerable to eviction
CONSEQUENCES:
- 1 million death due to starvation and related diseases.
- 1 million emigrated mainly in USA,Canada and Britain
- economy suffered long-term consequences.
- Rise of nationalism: The famine became a symbol of British neglect and oppression, fueling Irish nationalism and later independence movements.
irish people accused Great Britain to be responsable of the great famine due to: Food Export Even as millions starved, minimal help and delayed relief efforts,workhouses and evictions,lach of governance, cultural and political tensions between Ireland and England.
Ireland was partitionned( ireland into eire and nothern ireland) in 1921 due to conflicts. Catholics victims of economic, political, and social discrimination.Inspired by U.S. civil rights movements, Catholics demanded equal rights, leading to tensions and violence.Violence and Radicalization
Key Events:
- January 30th 1972 in Londonderry (nothern ireland),british soldiers killed 13 unarmed and 17 wounding civil rights protester , "Bloody Sunday". After that the rock music U2 wrote "sunday bloody sunday" in 1982
- The IRA and Loyalist groups launched bombings and assassinations, while Britain imposed strict security measures
- Good friday agreement in 1998;power-sharing government in Northern Ireland.
Over 3,500 deaths and thousands injured.A deeply divided society, with continued sectarian tensions.Gradual disarmament of paramilitary groups, including the IRA.
The Easter Rising (1916) : a nationalist revolt against British rule in Ireland. Led by Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, it aimed to establish an independent republic. Although quickly crushed by the British army, the repression and execution of the leaders led to the war of independance
War of Independence IRA led by Michael Collins
1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty Created the Irish Free State (self-governing but still under British monarchy).
1922-1923: Irish Civil War Conflict between pro-Treaty and anti-Treaty factions.
