A. Media Effects Through the Lens of Framing

The concept of framing is more flexible than that of the agenda. It takes into account conflicting or competing frames. For example: suburbs framed in different ways (delinquency, immigration, social malaise, etc.).

Iyengar - Framing has a influence on the interpretation of events. Depending on the frame, causes and especially solutions differ.

W. Gamson, The Strategy of Social Protest, focuses on the mobilization and the struggle to frame that mobilization. For an injustice frame, for example: it is necessary for the media to present mobilization as a consequence for which the State is responsible, thus making the mobilization representative of a collective problem whose solution is collective and state-directed.

P. Schlesinger, Rethinking the Sociology of Journalism. Interested in journalistic activity on a daily basis, examining the logics of the profession that could explain such results and framing phenomena. This work emphasizes the question of sources and their dependence on them, particularly official sources.

B. Media Effects in the Digital Age

-> Audiences are increasingly fragmented - multiplication of media and information sources. The impact is fragmented. Mathiew Hindman.

? We therefore have algorithms that lead to "filter bubbles". We do not have completely free access to information; it is framed by these algorithms that produce selective exposure.

Social networks also trigger a "centrifugal diversification logic" = the public space is segmented into as many communities, wherein access to information is increasingly restricted to community-specific issues. The existence of echo chambers is observed -> the internet user is always redirected towards their peers. A pessimistic view of networks as factors of media segregation and radicalization.

? Bernard Manin (more optimistic) notes that networks also allow for unexpected encounters.

Ultimately:

? In the age of digital networks, exposure to information remains correlated with the level of education and information of citizens. It is also correlated with the number of "friends" on the network and the ability to master the tool.

? Exposure to information remains correlated with cultural capital and social capital.

Question about the role of media in political participation: The audience of political sites is mostly already interested beforehand, but this would facilitate access to the public space, engagement, or at least diversify engagement (especially among the youth).