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Academic writing

ACADEMIC WRITING

  1. What is academic writing ?


  • It's a formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications.

It is made to inform and present arguments.

  • The types of academic writing are :
  1. Essays : short self-contained argument , used from class in response to a question.
  2. Research paper : an in depth investigation based on independent research.
  3. Thesis : the large final research project undertaken at the end of a degree.
  4. Literature review : critical synthesis
  5. Annotated bibliography : a list of source references with a short description or evaluation source.


  1. Academic writing is ...


1/ Formal and unbiased


Academic writing aims to convey information in an objective/impartial way.

To avoid bias it is important to represent the work of other researchers fairly and accurately.

The formal style in academic writing ensures that the research is presented consistently across different texts to compare with other researches.


It is important to avoid informal languages, like slang / contractions and conservational phrases.


2/ Clear and precise


 It’s important to use clear and precise language to ensure that your reader knows exactly what you mean. 

This means being as specific as possible and avoiding vague language 

=> people / researchers

=> avoiding to use words like « perhaps », this means that you’re not sure about your arguments


3/ Focused and well structured


An academic text needs to have a clear purpose.

Only include information that is relevant.


A coherent structure is crucial do organize your ideas : 


=> always include an introduction and a conclusion

=> divide long texts into chapters

=> make sure information is presented in a logical order

=> start a new paragraph when you move onto a new idea

=> use transition words to express connections

=> use appropriate punctuation 


4/ Well sourced


Academic writing sources to support it claims. Sources are : texts , or other piece of media that the author analyzes of uses as evidence.

It’s important to consider which sources are credible and appropriate to use in academic writing. 


5/ Correct and consistent


As well as following the rules of grammar, punctuation, and citation, it’s important to consistently apply stylistic conventions regarding:



Academic writing

ACADEMIC WRITING

  1. What is academic writing ?


  • It's a formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications.

It is made to inform and present arguments.

  • The types of academic writing are :
  1. Essays : short self-contained argument , used from class in response to a question.
  2. Research paper : an in depth investigation based on independent research.
  3. Thesis : the large final research project undertaken at the end of a degree.
  4. Literature review : critical synthesis
  5. Annotated bibliography : a list of source references with a short description or evaluation source.


  1. Academic writing is ...


1/ Formal and unbiased


Academic writing aims to convey information in an objective/impartial way.

To avoid bias it is important to represent the work of other researchers fairly and accurately.

The formal style in academic writing ensures that the research is presented consistently across different texts to compare with other researches.


It is important to avoid informal languages, like slang / contractions and conservational phrases.


2/ Clear and precise


 It’s important to use clear and precise language to ensure that your reader knows exactly what you mean. 

This means being as specific as possible and avoiding vague language 

=> people / researchers

=> avoiding to use words like « perhaps », this means that you’re not sure about your arguments


3/ Focused and well structured


An academic text needs to have a clear purpose.

Only include information that is relevant.


A coherent structure is crucial do organize your ideas : 


=> always include an introduction and a conclusion

=> divide long texts into chapters

=> make sure information is presented in a logical order

=> start a new paragraph when you move onto a new idea

=> use transition words to express connections

=> use appropriate punctuation 


4/ Well sourced


Academic writing sources to support it claims. Sources are : texts , or other piece of media that the author analyzes of uses as evidence.

It’s important to consider which sources are credible and appropriate to use in academic writing. 


5/ Correct and consistent


As well as following the rules of grammar, punctuation, and citation, it’s important to consistently apply stylistic conventions regarding:


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