INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY (1760-1870) — MEEF · US CIVILISATION

3 min de lecture621 mots

Définition

1881 : American Federation of Labour

Founded by Samuel Gompers, most important and enduring group labour that represented skilled workers, hostile of women entering the paid workforce + mandate an eight-hour workday

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish immigrant, led the expansion of US steel industry in the late 19th

Eugene Debs

Founding member of the Industrial Workers of the world, candidate for socialist party of Americans for POTUS

Fred Winslow Taylor

Methods to improve industrial efficiencyn + scientific management = Taylorism

1886 : Haymarket bombing

Social chaos and radicalism took place during a demonstration for 8 hours a day

1889 : "Gospel of wealth"

Wealthy American had a responsibility to spend their money to benefit the greater good ; engage in philanthropy and close gap between rich and poor

Henry Ford

Founder of Ford Company ; reshape American social and cultural life ; in 1895 : 4 automobiles oh highways ? 1917 : nearly 5 million

Henry George

land reformer and economist who in Progress and Poverty (1879) proposed the single tax : that the state tax away all economic rent, the income from the use of bare land but not from improvements and abolish all other taxes

Horizontal Strategy

business strategy : 1 company acquires or merges with another that operates at the same level in an industry

Vertical integration

Taking over of all different businesses on which z company relied for its primary functions

John D. Rockfeller

Wealthiest American of all time, richest person in modern world, founder of the Standard Oil Company (1780), used both horizontal and vertical integration

1869 : Knights of Labour

First national labour organisation, secret fraternal organisation that included all workers ; key role in the great railroad strike of 1877

1876-78 : Molly Maguires

Militant labour organisation that attempted to intimidate the coal operations through violence ; mollies operated within Ancient Order + Irish fraternal society

1866-73 : National Labour Union

Improve working conditions through legal reforms ; bring together disparate labour unions to work for common goals important to all

1894 : Pullman strike

Pullman refused to meet with his workers to hear their requests for jigher wages, lower rents, better working conditions ? workers went on strike on May 1894

1870s : Social Darwinism

Human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection ; only the fittest individuals survived and flourished in the market place, those who fail ? own weaknesses

Wright Brothers

Contributed to the development of aviation technology : Kitty Hawk flight in North Carolina in 1903

A retenir :

The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution, started sometime between 1820 and 1870. Both Industrial Revolutions led to inventions that included the telephone, the steam engine, the sewing machine, the X-ray, the lightbulb, and the combustible engine. There were many improvements in technology and manufacturing fundamentals with the result that greatly improved overall production and economic growth in the United States. The Industrial Revolution occurred in two distinct phases, the First Industrial Revolution occurred during the latter part of the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century and the Second Industrial Revolution advanced following the Civil War.

A retenir :

Key dates :

1859 : First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania

1866 : First transatlantic cable laid

1870 : John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil

1876 : Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone

1879 : Thomas A. Edison invents electric lightbulb

1881 : American Federation of Labor founded

1886 : Haymarket bombing blamed on anarchists

1894 : Workers strike Pullman Company

1903 : Wright brothers make first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

11906 : Henry Ford produces his first automobiles

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