What overarching ideas did sir Francis Galton contribute to the study of intelligence?
To remember :
Galton believed that intelligence could be measured and ranked in numerical values. He thought people's intelligence levels followed a bell-shaped curve, with most people in the middle and fewer at the extremes.
So Galton believed that statistical analyses of correlations could be used to determine how closely a person's test scores were linked to their actual abilities and intelligence. This statistical approach was a key part of his framework for assessing and quantifying intelligence.
What is meant by split-half reliability ?
Definitions
How would research determine whether a measure has predictive validity ?
To remember :
The researcher should determine whether scores on the measure allw for accurate predictions of relevant future outcomes. To determine predictive validity, researchers give a test to people and wait. Later, they measure how those same people perform in real situations. They then check if the test scores match the actual performance. If the early test scores accurately predicted later performance, the test has good predictive validity.
Why is it important to have norms for measures ?
To remember :
Norms enable researchers to understand the scores of particular individuals in the context of a broader populations scores.They let us know if someone score is high, average or low compared to other people in their group.
What measures were originally used to compute the intelligence quotient ?
To remember :
The original measure of IQ was mental age divided by chronological age.
What two types of subjects appear on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale ?
To remember :
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale currentlly has subtests that measure verbal IQ and performance IQ.
How has the diagnosis of intellectual disability changed over the last 20 years ?
To remember :
Diagnosis of mental retardation now focuses on both IQ and adaptative skills.
What dimensions define giftedness in the three-ring conception ?
To remember :
The three dimensions are ability, creativity and task commitment.
Why did Spearman come to believe in g,general intelligence ?
To remember :
Because he demonstrated that people performance on a variety ofintellligence tests was highly correlated, he concluded that there was a factor of general intelligence.
What are the three types of intelligence in Stenbergs triachic theory ?
To remember :
Stenberg proposed that people have analytical, creative and practical intelligence.
In Gardner theory, what kind of intelligence might determine whether someone could be a successful sculptor ?
To remember :
Gardner defined spatial intelligence as the ability to perceive the visual spatial world and transform one initial perceptions. These abilities are relevant to sculpture.
What are the four components of emotional intelligence ?
To remember :
The ability to perceive, appraise and express emotions accurately and appropriately, use emotions to facilitate thinking, understand and analyse emotions and to use emotional knowledge effectively; regulate one emotions to promote both emotional and intellectual growth.
Under what circumstances did Goddard and others begin to make IQ comparisons among groups ?
To remember :
Gobbard suggested that IQ tests be used to exclude some immigrants as mentally inferior.
Why is it inappropriate to use heritability estimates to make claims about racial differences in IQ ?
To remember :
Heritability estimates do not allow for comparitions between groups of individuals.
What aspect of people lives are affected by preschool interventions ?
To remember :
Research has demonstrated that people who experience quality preschool programmes have higher measured IQs and are more likely to graduate from regular high schools and have better paying jobs.
What did Harold Stevenson research reveal about cross-cultural views of academic achievements ?
To remember :
People in the United States were more likely to believe that innate ability matters more than hard work, for people in Asia, the beliefs were reversed.
How is creativity measured ?
To remember :
Creativity is often measured by tests that look at divergent thinking-the ability to generate a variety of unusual solutions to a problem.
What is the relationship between IQ and creativity ?
To remember :
Below an IQ of 120, there is a moderate correlation between IQ and creativity suggesting that intelligence (as measured by IQ tests) plays a modest role in determing who is creative.
What three factors appear to play a role in exceptional creativity ?
To remember :
Researchers suggest that individuals who are exceptionally creative are risk takers,they have prepartion in their domains, and they have intrinsic motivation .
Why might assessment have negative consequences for particular groups of individuals ?
To remember :
If members of particular groups generally test less well than others , that pattern might prevent equal access to jobs.
Why might assessment play a role in shaping education ?
To remember :
In many school districts, support is based on test scores - forcing teachers to cover only material that will be tested.
Why might test scores become labels that have broad consequences ?
To remember :
When tests are used without flexibility to label people as belonging to certain academic or social tracks, those labels can have broad consequences.
